Jade's sacred status in Chinese civilization dates back to the Neolithic era. The "Jade Pig-Dragon" unearthed from the 5,000-year-old Hongshan culture, with its coiled form symbolizing cosmic cycles, reflects early beliefs in "communicating with deities through jade." By the Shang and Zhou dynasties, jade evolved from ritual objects to symbols of power. The Rites of Zhou records: "Six jade artifacts are used to worship heaven, earth, and the four directions." The rule of "green bi disks for heaven, yellow cong tubes for earth" established jade's connection to cosmology.
Agate, anciently called qiong yu (divine jade), appeared in the Book of Songs. The Tang Dynasty's "Gilded Beast-Head Agate Cup" from the Hejia Village hoard encapsulates Silk Road exchanges—crafted from West Asian banded agate, its Persian rhyton shape fused Greek drinking vessel motifs with Central Asian totems, reflecting Chang'an's cosmopolitanism.